Hibernate Framework Interview Questions and Answers (2025)

Beginner-Level Hibernate Framework Interview Questions

1. What's Hibernate?

An open-source framework called Hibernate aids with relational database data storage.

Java objects are converted into their corresponding database tables by Hibernate via Object-Relational Mapping (ORM). Hibernate eliminates the need for custom SQL queries and provides new commerce features by automating routine database activities like produce, read, update, and cancel.

2. What are the advantages of Hibernate?

Hibernate ensures that all database modifications are applied completely, protecting against data corruption. Similar to SQL, it has its own query language (HQL). An additional benefit is that HQL enhances efficiency and generates database tables automatically based on Java class structure.

3. What's the role of ORM in Hibernate?

Relational mapping with objects serves as a translator for relational databases and Java objects.ORM makes it easier to store and recoup information from Java objects by reducing the need for manual tasks.

4. Differentiate between saveOrUpdate(), persist(), and save().

- Save() returns the identifier after inserting a new record.
- Similar to save(), persist() does not return the identifier.
- In order to handle database entries sensibly, saveOrUpdate() either inserts a new entry or, if an existing entry is discovered, updates it.

5. What distinguishes an alternate-position cache from a first-position cache?

Hibernate has two types of cache: first-position and alternate-position.

6. How to implement custom queries in Hibernate?

Custom queries can be created with Hibernate using native SQL or HQL (Hibernate Query Language) or native SQL.

HQL Query Example

String hql = " FROM Hand E WHERE E.department = department";

Query query = session.createQuery( hql);

(" department"," HR");

List workers = query.list();

illustration of a native SQL query

String sql = "select * FROM hand WHERE department = ?"

SQLQuery query = session.createSQLQuery( sql);

( 1," HR");

List workers = query.list();

By going over these Hibernate Framework interview questions, you'll be more equipped to show off your knowledge and articulate important ideas. 

7. What's the difference between flash and patient objects in Hibernate?

Flash and patient are two different classes of an object in Hibernate. A Flash object has not been saved to the database yet, while a patient object has been saved. When a patient object is modified, the changes are automatically saved to the database during a sale. This ensures that the changes are stored permanently and can be accessed later.

Now onto the intermediate-level Hibernate framework interview questions 

 

Intermediate- Level Hibernate framework Interview Questions

1. How do you handle Hibernate performance issues?  

Performance issues in Hibernate can be addressed by using hiding, batch costing, and opting for the applicable costing strategy.

Also, optimizing HQL queries and database indicators can ameliorate performance.

2. Explain Persistent, Detached, and Transient Objects in Hibernate.

Hibernate manages Patient objects, which are connected to a database session.

Flash objects aren't associated with any session or database. Detached objects were preliminarily patient but have been dissociated from the session.

3) What are the various Hibernate mappings, and how are they used?

There are three types of Hibernate mapping : 

- XML mapping involves defining mappings between Java objects and database tables.
- Reflection mapping uses Java reflections to define mappings.
- Mixed mapping: Combines XML configuration lines with Java reflections.

4) What's the purpose of the Hibernate configuration train?

Typically referred to as hibernate.cfg.xml, the Hibernate configuration file is used to :

- Configure database connection parcels
- Specify the shop talk for the database
- List mapping lines or annotated classes
- Configure cache providers
- Set other Hibernate-specific parcels

5) How do you configure Hibernate in a Java operation?

Hibernate offers the following configuration options:

- XML Configuration Using the hibernate.cfg.xml file to specify database details and Hibernate settings.
- Java-grounded Configuration Using the Configuration class in the operation law programmatically.
- Reflection-grounded Configuration Using JPA reflections directly in reality classes to define mappings and settings.

6) Differentiate between eager loading and lazy loading in Hibernate.

Eager loading is a strategy where associated realities are loaded along with the parent reality.

When a query is executed, Hibernate retrieves all needed data in a single query. Lazy loading, on the other hand, is used when interrelated queries aren't needed. It loads data only when it's explicitly requested.

7. What distinguishes a Hibernate Session  Factory from a Hibernate Session?

A Hibernate SessionFactory is a thread-safe object that's used to produce Session instances.

It's a resource-ferocious object and is generally created only once during the operation's runtime. A Hibernate Session establishes a connection to the database, acting as a single unit of work.. In discrepancy, a SessionFactory represents the overall configuration of Hibernate, including the mapping between Java objects and database tables.

8. Explain the purposes of Hibernate pollutants.

Hibernate pollutants allow inventors to circumscribe the results of a query. They can be used to count certain data or apply security constraints. Pollutants are defined in the Hibernate mapping lines and can be applied to any query that involves the corresponding reality.

9) Optimizing Hibernate Queries for Enhanced Performance

There are several ways to optimise Hibernate queries:

-To retrieve data from the database, employ lazy loading in smaller batches.
- Minimize database queries by utilizing hiding.
- Use batch costing to recoup multiple realities in a single query.
- Use indicators on constantly queried columns to enhance query performance.

10) Explain the Hibernate armature.

The Hibernate frame consists of several crucial factors. The operation layer, the topmost layer, is where Hibernate is used to perform database operations.

- Hibernate Configuration Hibernate requires configuration details in XML format to connect to the database and set up colorful parameters.

- A thread-safe object, the SessionFactory handles the creation and management of Session instances.

- A session, a transient object, defines a single unit of work in the database.

11) What are the different types of Hibernate mapping, and how are they used?

There are three types of Hibernate mappings:

- XML mapping: This involves defining the connections between Java objects and database tables using XML lines.
- Reflection mapping: This involves using Java reflections to specify the mappings.
-Mixed mapping: This combines both XML and reflection-grounded configurations to define the mappings.

  Now onto advanced-level hibernate framework interview questions 

 

Advanced-level Hibernate framework interview questions

1. How does Hibernate inspect database changes?

Hibernate Envers provides auditing capabilities. It tracks changes to reality countries and stores them in a separate inspection table, furnishing a literal record of database variations.

2. How can you cover Hibernate queries?

Hibernate SQL logging can be enabled using the hibernate.show_sql and hibernate.format_sql parameters. For deeper perceptivity, use profilers like P6Spy to cover and log SQL queries and performance criteria.

3) What is the process of writing custom SQL in Hibernate?

Custom SQL queries can be executed using @NamedNativeQuery or session.createNativeQuery(). These styles allow direct commerce with the database using SQL rather than HQL.

4) How do you map a Java class to a database table when using Hibernate?

A Java class is counterplotted to a database table through configuration, either using XML, reflections, or a combination of both.

5) How does Hibernate handle multi-tenancy, and what are the different approaches?

Hibernate provides support for multi-tenancy, which allows a single operation to serve multiple tenants. These are the main styles of multi-tenancy.

- Individual Database: Every tenant maintains an individual database. Hibernate can be set up to switch between databases based on the tenant identifier.

- Separate Schema: In this model, all tenants share the same database but are distinguished by having individual schemas.

Hibernate can be configured to switch the schema for each tenant using the @MultiTenant reflection and @TenantId.

- Partitioned (Discriminator): In this approach, all tenants share the same database and schema. Tenant data is differentiated by a unique discriminator column.

This approach is suitable when the operation is designed to manage tenants with analogous data structures. Each of these approaches can be enforced using the MultiTenantConnectionProvider and CurrentTenantIdentifierResolver interfaces.

6) Explain the query cache.

The query cache in Hibernate is where database query results are stored.By eliminating the need to run the same query on the database repeatedly, this improves query performance. Hibernate can quickly retrieve the results from the cache when a cached query is run with the same parameters, improving operation responsiveness and lowering database load.

To use query hiding, you should: 

- Enable the alternate-position cache for the session plant configuration.
- Enable hiding for a specific query by using setCacheable( true).

7) What's the purpose of StatelessSession in Hibernate?

A StatelessSession in Hibernate is a featherlight interpretation of the Session that doesn't maintain a cache or track the state of realities. It's particularly useful for performing bulk operations similar to batch inserts or updates, where hiding and tracking reality countries isn't necessary.

8) How does Hibernate handle multi-tenancy, and what are the different approaches?

Hibernate enables multi-tenancy, which allows a single operation case to support multiple tenants. There are three primary styles for multi-tenancy in HibernateSeparate Database. Each tenant has its own distinct database. Depending on the tenant identity, Hibernate can be configured to alternate between these databases. With this method, each tenant keeps a unique schema while sharing a single database.

The @MultiTenant reflection and the @TenantId reflection allow Hibernate to alternate between these schemas for every tenant. Partitioned (Discriminator) All tenants partake of the same database and schema, but a discriminator column is used to separate them. This system is suitable when tenants have analogous data structures and share common tables.

These approaches can be configured using the MultiTenantConnectionProvider and CurrentTenantIdentifierResolver interfaces.

Tips to prepare for Hibernate framework interview questions 

Understand Hibernate Caching, Performance Optimisation with Hibernate Hiding:

Understand and effectively utilise both first-position and alternate-position hiding to enhance Hibernate performance.

Mastering Hibernate Reflections:

- Become proficient with essential Hibernate reflections such as @Entity, @Table, @Id, and @OneToMany.
- Understand the interactions between Java classes and database tables.
- Master key Hibernate reflections, including @Entity, @Table, @Id, and @OneToMany.
- Recognize how database tables and Java classes interact.
- Practice with the Criteria API and HQL. Learn how to write in Hibernate Query Language (HQL). For string-based queries, HQL (Hibernate Query Language) can be used, or for structured, type-safe, and dynamic queries, the Criteria API.
- It is crucial to have a solid understanding of Hibernate transaction management. This entails understanding the significance of commit and rollback procedures, using the @Transactional annotation in Spring, and handling transactions efficiently.
- Be ready to talk about caching techniques, lazy loading, and effective pagination for big datasets, as well as other performance tuning topics.

 

Frequently Asked Questions on Hibernate Framework Interview Questions

1. What are the various types of Hibernate?

The three types of Hibernate are the Flash Object State, the Patient Object State, and the Detached Object State. This is one of the commonly asked Hibernate Framework Interview Questions.

2. Is the Hibernate Session thread safe?

Hibernate Session objects should not be utilised in multi-threaded environments since they are not thread-safe. This means that a single session cannot be participated in across multiple investments. Each session should be used by a single thread and only interact with objects that are associated with that session. Understanding this is essential for answering Hibernate Framework Interview Questions accurately.

3. Why use Hibernate over JDBC?

The Hibernate framework simplifies database operations by abstracting the complications of low-level JDBC. This reduces the need for repetitive law and improves productivity. Developers can directly interact with Java objects, removing the necessity of writing raw SQL statements. This approach makes database relations more manageable and improves the maintainability of the law. This is a fundamental point often discussed in Hibernate Framework Interview Questions.

4. What are the Hibernate interfaces?

The Hibernate framework includes several important interfaces for database commerce. These include SessionFactory, which is used to produce Session objects; Session, which represents a unit of work with the database; Sale, which handles database deals; and Criteria, which is used to make dynamic queries. These components are regularly covered in Hibernate Framework Interview Questions and are important for understanding how the framework operates.

Preparing for Hibernate Framework Interview Questions helps you gain a solid understanding of how Hibernate manages database operations efficiently and in an object-oriented way.

Conclusion

A deep comprehension of the Hibernate framework's fundamental ideas and sophisticated functionality is necessary while preparing for the Hibernate Framework interview. Gaining proficiency in these Hibernate framework interview questions will greatly improve your performance and confidence, covering anything from simple definitions to intricate multi-tenancy tactics. Being familiar with the Hibernate framework interview questions allows you to demonstrate your knowledge and problem-solving skills, whether you're responding to inquiries concerning object states, caching, query optimization, or configuration files.

Your understanding of the subject will be strengthened by practicing real-world coding tasks and scenarios in addition to reading and reviewing. Know what kinds of Hibernate framework interview questions are commonly asked by employers, and adjust your preparation accordingly. With commitment and the appropriate strategy, you'll be prepared to take on even the most difficult Hibernate framework.